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Gangster rap, or hardcore rap, is generally considered a sub genre of the larger category of rap music, which itself is a subcategory of hip-hop. Gangster rap is differentiable from other rap music in that it makes use of images of urban life associated with crime (Haugen, 2). According to the Encyclopedia Britannica definition of gangster rap, the top four images associated with the genre are violence, drugs, materialism and sexual promiscuity. Gangster Rappers as Defining the Hip-Hop Social Group As the hip-hop movement has gained recognition throughout the United States, it has established itself as one of the fastest growing social groups anywhere. In the late 1990s immediately following the murders of both Tupac Shakur and Christopher Wallace, two nationally known gangster rappers, a propaganda campaign escalated against rap music and the hip-hop culture (Slaughter). Although gangster rap only represented a small percentage of the hip-hop culture at the time, all hip-hop and rap music was instantly stereotyped negatively as being “gangter-like”. Why? Well, this gangster version of hip-hop was the highest selling and most recognized form of hip-hop music among the majority class. And many critics have determined that this is because America is in love with sex, drugs and violence (Whaley). Hip-Hop’s Rejection of Inferior Social Group Status Henri Tajfel, a social psychologist who developed a theory of inter-group relations and social change, argues that members of a social group deemed inferior by a majority class can either accept or reject their inferior position in society. If a group refuses to accept its inferior position in society as just, it will attempt as a group to change things (Coates, 8-9). A large number of hip-hop artists have used their musical lyrics to reject the inferior social status placed upon them by the majority class. The Reconstruction of the Gangster Identity I have found that hip-hop artists use lyrics, both musical and poetic, to redefine the negatives characteristics given to their culture by the majority class, and in the process, reconstruct the gangster identity. By examining these hip-hop and gangster rap lyrics as text, I will show ways in which the lyrics attempt to reconstruct the stereotyped gangster rap identity by examining different views of violence, drugs, materialism and sexual promiscuity. In the end, one tends to wonder: Who exactly are the real gangsters? Violence That the hip-hop culture represents gangster-like violence is perhaps the biggest disputed claim amongst hip-hop artists. In order to disprove this claim, many hip-hop artists have pointed to the violence that exists within the majority social group, and how it leads to violence all over the world. In “Violence”, 2 Pac demonstrates his belief that violence was prevalent long before gangster rap existed: I told em fight back, attack on society If this is violence, then violent's what I gotta be If you investigate you'll find out where it's comin’ from Look through our history, America's the violent one Here, the poet points to American society as “the violent one” and that he has to be violent in order to “fight back.” In “Who Knew”, Eminem showed a similar viewpoint by expressing his belief that violence is a common occurrence in American society, yet not challenged in genres outside of the urban environment: So who's bringin’ the guns in this country? I couldn't sneak a plastic pellet gun through customs over in London And last week, I seen a Schwarzaneggar movie Where he's shootin’ all sorts of these bad guys with an Uzi Here, the poet questions the existence of violence in a country that allows firearms and violent movies. In “Casualties of War”, Rakim blames the United States government, specifically its Head of State, as the group causing the violence in society with their war-like ways: I'ma get back to New York in one piece But I'm bent in the sand that is hot as the city streets Sky lights up like fireworks blind me Bullets, whistlin’ over my head remind me... President Bush said attack Flashback to Nam, I might not make it back In this text, the poet refers to our country’s decision to go to war as an example of the violence that exists amongst the majority social class. In “The Watcher”, Dr. Dre redefines the negative characteristic of violence by pointing to the police force as the source of violence, and therefore, referring to them as “gangster-like”: Things just ain't the same for gangstas Cops is anxious to put people in handcuffs They wanna hang us, see us dead or enslave us Keep us trapped in the same place we raised in Then they wonder why we act so outrageous Run around stressed out and pull out gauges Cause everytime you let the animal out cages It's dangerous, to people who look like strangers Here, the poet accuses the majority class of keeping them “trapped in the same place we raised in” and that the perceived violence is only due to the introduction of “people who look like strangers.” These are examples of how hip-hop artists redefine the image of violence by showing how it exists or was created within the majority social group. Drugs Another common disputed stereotype of hip-hop artists is their use and distribution of illegal drugs. In attempts to redefine this negative characteristic, many hip-hop artists have pointed at the majority social group as the facilitator of drug abuse. In “Justify My Thug”, Jay-Z speaks directly to members of government, raising questions about who has made the availability and use of these drugs possible: Mr. President, there's drugs in our residence Tell me what you want me to do, come break bread with us Mr. Governor, I swear there's a cover up Every other corner there's a liquor store - what is up? In this example, the poet inquires as to why there is a liquor store in “every other corner” of his community. In “I Want to Talk to You”, Nas uses the same approach to challenge the notion of drug distribution by asking his representatives what they would do in his situation: Why y'all made it so hard, damn People gotta go create their own job Mr. Mayo,r imagine if this was your backyard Mr. Governo,r imagine if it was your kids that starved Imagine your kids gotta sling crack to survive Here, the poet claims that the distribution of drugs is not only an effect of the poverty that exists in his environment, but also a means of survival. In “Manifesto”, Talib Kweli actually accuses the government of being the body which allows drugs into the country: Like the C.I.A. be bringin’ in crack cocaine bailin’ out of planes With the George Bush connections, I push Reflection Like I'm sellin’ izm, like a dealer buildin’ the system Supply and the demand it's all capitalism People don't sell crack cause they like to see blacks smoke People sell crack cause they broke In this example, the poet accuses the C.I.A. of flying drugs into the country, and again reiterates the point that it is a means of survival due to the “supply and demand” of a capitalist society. In “Damn It Feels Good to be a Gangster”, the Geto Boys fully redefine the negative characteristic of drug distribution by accusing the President of being a drug dealer, and therefore, a gangster: And now, a word from the President! Damn it feels good to be a gangsta Getting’ voted into the White House Everything lookin’ good to the people of the world But the Mafia family is my boss So every now and then I owe a favor gettin' down Like lettin' a big drug shipment through And send 'em to the poor community So we can bust you know who These examples show how hip-hop artists redefine the image of being drug dealers and users by again pointing to the majority class as the creator of the drug problem in this country. Materialism Hip-hop music is also seen by the majority class as a genre dominated by materialism. Again, artists point back to the majority class in an attempt to redefine this negative characteristic. In “Respiration”, Black Star points to all the wealth surrounding urban areas, and how it absorbs the lower class in materialism, making them want parts of that wealth: Where mercenaries is paid to trade hot stock tips For profits, thirsty criminals take pockets Hard knuckles on the second hands of workin’ class watches Skyscrapers is colossus, the cost of living Is preposterous, stay alive, you play or die, no options Here, the poet talks about various materialistic aspects of the majority class, and how the lower class must “play or die” to “stay alive.” In “All Falls Down”, Kanye West actually blames this materialism on American society: It seems we living the American dream But the people highest up got the lowest self esteem The prettiest people do the ugliest things For the road to riches and diamond rings In this example, the poet blames the “American dream” for materialism, saying it causes people to “do the ugliest things” for “riches and diamond rings.” In “Los Angeles Times”, Xzibit also blames this materialism on the majority class, claiming that is what the youth are taught coming up in urban environments: Welcome to L.A. Where you can see the whole city burning Cause the cops got Uzis and the dealers keep serving And your kids ain't learning it, except this Sex power and wealth, forget everything else Here, the poet expresses his belief that certain aspects of materialism, including “power and wealth” are taught to children through occurrences in society. These are examples how hip-hop artists redefine the negative characteristic of being materialistic by showing examples of how this materialism is prevalent in the majority class, and often created within that class. Sex And the final debated stereotype of the hip-hop social class is that they are sexually promiscuous, often leading to disrespectful treatment towards women. The poets also attempt to redefine this stereotype by blaming the core of the problem on society. In “Pussy Galore”, the Roots claim that the country’s obsession with sex is pushed by sexually-driven marketing campaigns: Lookin' out the limo window up at the billboards 200 miles, she was the only thing I saw Promotin' everything, from the liquor to the nicotine Cell phones, anti-histamines, chicken wings You gotta show a little skin to get them listening For real yo, the world is a sex machine In this example, the poet retells a personal experience in which he saw sex advertisements as “promotin’ everything.” And in order to “get them listening”, he claims, “you gotta show a little skin.” In “Get By”, Talib Kweli blames this sexual obsession on what we view on television: The TV got us reachin’ for stars Not the ones between Venus and Mars, The ones that be readin’ for parts Some people get breast enhancements and penis enlargers Here, the poet expresses his belief that television creates a misconception of what people should be sexually, and that contributes to the promiscuity that is being blamed on the hip-hop movement. Hip-hop artists have used their lyrics and poetry to influence the rejection and reconstruction of the gangster identity that plagues their social class. This is accomplished through the redefining of negative characteristics assigned by the majority class. In most cases, these redefinitions include pointing to the majority class as the real holders of these negative characteristics. The redefining of these “gangster-like” images through hip-hop lyrics helps to reconstruct the gangster identity by questioning “gangster-like” behaviors and which social class actually has these behaviors. So the question presented is: Who exactly are the gangsters? Works Cited / Discography 2 Pac. 2Pacalypse Now. Jive Records, 1991. Black Star. Mos Def & Talib Kweli are Black Star. Rawkus Records, 1998. Coates, Jennifer. Women, Men and Language. Longman Publishing, New York: 1993. Dr. Dre. The Chronic 2001. Interscope Records, 1999. Eminem. The Marshall Mathers LP. Interscope Records, 2000. Geto Boys. Uncut Dope LP. Interscope Records, 1999. Haugen, Jason. “‘Unladylike Divas’: Language, Gender and Female Gangster Rappers.” Popular Music and Society: December, 2003. Jay Z. The Black Album. Def Jam, 2003. Kanye West. College Dropout. Roc-A-Fella Records, 2004. Nas. I Am. Sony Records, 1999. Rakim. Don’t Sweat the Technique. MCA Records, 1992. Rawkus Records. Lyricist Lounge Volume 1. Priority Records, 1999. Slaughter, Peter. “Attack on Rap Music.” Barutiwa Weekly News. June 14, 1997. Talib Kweli & DJ Hi-Tek. Train of Thought. Rawkus Records, 2000. Talib Kweli. Quality. Rawkus Records, 2003. The Roots. Phrenology. MCA Records, 2002. Whaley, Angela. “Hip Hop is Not for Sale.” Colorado State University’s Talking Back: Volume 3, Issue 1. Xzibit. 40 Days and 40 Nights. Loud Records, 1998. vimax penis enlargement traction device cheapest penile enlargement pills enlarement forum free matter penis size penis enhancement technique com enlargment penile penile pump vigrx for men best penis enlagement vimax results

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PE or premature ejaculation is a problem with a large segment of sexually active males. Many men want cures for premature ejaculation and once you know why it occurs you can take steps to cure it. Here we will look at the causes and some solutions to this frustrating condition What is premature ejaculation? The definition of PE differs greatly on who you consult. It can mean orgasm before penetration, shortly after penetration, or simply, orgasm too soon to suit the situation. In fact, studies reveal that an average man usually completes (ejaculates) within 5 minutes of penetration. This makes PE a highly relative term. So, we will consider here 3 basic categories and what each can do to help. You must remember that most doctors and researchers agree that ejaculation is a neuro-physical combined psychological response. There is no argument that modulation of the man’s nervous system can delay ejaculation. These taken into account, there are some tried and tested solutions, and some new pharmaceutical ones, that can be used to treat premature ejaculation. Category 1. The Minute Man. For the man that can have a successful foreplay session with his partner, and achieve penetration, but finishes in less than 5 minutes, we can relate that you may not need medical assistance, only some careful training. • The Chinese Method. After penetration, and a few moments of trusting, withdraw and go back to foreplay, or make an excuse and let the cat out or the dog in. This starting and stopping will let you achieve easily up to an hour of erection and towards the end of your session, you partner may be aroused enough to orgasm as well. • Wear a Thick Condom. This will act to desensitize your penis, especially the “trigger” area under the crown or head. It may be less pleasurable to you, but your partner will not notice the difference, only will notice you are lasting longer. • Use an Analgesic Gel. This may also make your (and your partner) feel less sensations (unless you wear a condom…and some condoms already come with such gel included). It will buy you some time, and as you get used to more time, you will gain confidence and begin to less nervous and last longer naturally. • Have a drink of red wine shortly before your sexual encounter. Do not become drunk, only a glass drunk with your partner slowly and sensually will act to relax you and relaxed, you will last longer. • The Perfumed Garden, an Arab classical textbook on sex mentions the smoking of hashish as a solution for PE. We do not recommend this, but state it only for informational purposes. Also, in today’s literature and films, it is more than implied that smoking marijuana enhances and lengthens the sexual experience. Category 2. The Finished in Seconds Man This form of premature ejaculation is very frustrating for both the sufferer and the partner. We recommend seeing a doctor if this is your condition, or a licensed sexual therapist (trained in the Masters and Johnson techniques), but before you do, you might try some of the advice for the guys in Category 1. If it works for you, you have gained a great deal if it doesn’t go and see your doctor. You will be advised, as also the Category 3 man (see below) some new treatments that really work. Category 3. Finished Before He Starts Man In this form of premature ejaculation, no penetration is possible. You have a problem, and it may be a whole host of things, so see your doctor at once. Premature Ejaculation - Treatments From the pharmaceutical point of view, your doctor can prescribe some form of relaxant (antidepressants). There is a new specific PE drug called ‘dapoxetine’ similar to the anti-depressants, but very short lasting. This is meant to give even Category 1 guys all the extra time they need. There are also physical devices like desensitizing rings or the tried and tested Masters and Johnson “grip”. This grip has to be seen to understand and applied properly, as it is administered by your partner and not yourself. Then there are trained sexual therapists who somehow take you directly into the sexual experience. This is often a radical solution, but from those men who have undergone direct therapy (this means having sex with the therapist), the results are often astounding. Premature ejaculation an exercise You can develop your Kagel muscles (the ones you use to restrict urination). You just constrict and relax these muscles wherever you are and almost whatever you are doing. Done several hundred times a day, after a few weeks, you will see you have a great more control that you imagined over your ejaculatory situation. Premature ejaculation is a major problem for many men don’t be embarrassed you’re not alone and you can take positive action to help your condition and we hope this article points you in the right direction. safe penile enlargement penis elargement before and after penile enlargment without pills enlargement free penile pills sample vimax penis enlargement drug pennis enlargement testimonials penile enlargment traction device pro acne solution penis enlarement operation

Who would have thought 8 years back that sildenafil citrate, a drug used for the treatment of angina pectoris (a cardiovascular disease), could work wonders for treating male erectile dysfunction (ED)? The results were astounding. The drug was less effective for angina but provided astonishing results in treating ED. It was patented in 1996 by the drug company Pfizer and approved for use in ED by the FDA on March 27, 1998. No other drug was approved before in the US to treat ED. Pfizer used brand name ‘Viagra’ for its hitherto new product. The name rhymes with the famous “Niagra” falls (ostensibly evokes a sense of incredible erectile and ejaculatory strength). Another theory has it that ‘Viagra’ originates from the Sanskrit word “vya-ghra", which means tiger. Viagra is also informally known as "Vitamin V", "the Blue Pill", “the Wonder Pill” and various other nicknames. It is a prescription drug and must be taken after thorough consultation with the doctor. The reasons for the popularity of Viagra are obvious. According to a study, there are estimated 30 million clinically impotent men in the US. The causes for such impotence may be psychological, resulting from stress, fatigue, anxiety, or depression. But over 90% of the time, there are identifiable biological problems. The ED or impotence is prominent amongst men over 50 due to various hormonal changes in the body. This could result in partial or total loss of sexual function. It is here that Viagra scores over the traditional treatment options like penile implants, injectable drugs (into the penis), and vacuum constriction devices. Viagra Mechanism? Simply, Viagra keeps the smooth muscle of penis relaxed. A relaxed penis allows good blood flow in and generation of an erection. Viagra works in sync with the natural processes of the body. It blocks the action of type 5 phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE5). This enzyme, in turn, promotes the accumulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), a compound that causes a reduction in the amount of calcium within a muscle cell. This, in turn, results in relaxation of that muscle cell and promotes penile erection. The more cGMP inside the cell, the better the erection will be. However, cGMP is broken down by the PDE5 enzyme, which is available in large supply in the penis. This is why Viagra's ability to block the action of PDE5 is so essential. The drug allows the accumulation of cGMP, which permits an erection to develop and be maintained. Side Effects The likelihood of side effects increase as the dosage gets stronger. Some of the known side effects of Viagra are – Severe headache Dizziness or loss of balance Nasal problems Abnormal vision Indigestion Complete blackouts Severe hypotension (low blood pressure) Sudden death in extreme causes Overall, despite the obvious risks, Viagra is an incredible positive development for men suffering from erectile dysfunction. Other Benefits Recent research has found that Viagra can reduce the effects of stress on the heart. Scotland on Sunday has recently reported that consultants at York hill Children's Hospital in Glasgow are using Viagra as a life-saving treatment for children suffering from pulmonary hypertension, a cause of so-called "blue baby" syndrome that affects the blood flow to the lungs. natural penis enhancement pills safe pnis enlargement penis enlargement pic before and after natural penile enlargment and lengthening pro solution pill side effects top rated penis enhancement pills top rated penis enlargment pills buy penis enhancement pills penis enlarement operation

When my daughter was born, I must admit there was a distinctly different feeling to it. Part of me was thrilled, but part of me was unsure of how to deal with a gender I still couldn’t quite understand. When my son was born, there was a clear sense that this was territory that I knew: there will be wrestling, playing ball together, playing with cars and, he has a penis! There was a sense of security from all of this and a deep sense of knowing. Raising a daughter creates different issues for many fathers; it is even more challenging considering the cultural landscape that exists today. To better understand these issues, it is helpful to explore the expectations of girls that we have as fathers, many of which may be expectations handed down from our own fathers. Some men feel a strong need to control their daughters, and expect them to act “nice” at all times. Others shower their daughters with all of the gifts and "things" that they’ll ever need, seeing them as weaker than boys (therefore not encouraging strength and discipline in them). It’s easy for fathers to treat their sons and daughters differently. They can be rough-and-tumble with their sons…but treat their daughters with kid gloves. This opportunity to wrestle or to play physically with your daughters is extremely important, because it shows them that you believe they are capable enough to handle it. (If your daughter is eighteen, it’s probably not a good idea to start now.) The cultural messages we get are that girls and young women are valued for being beautiful, thin, talented, etc. Girls should also be happy, agreeable and eager to please. This cultural backdrop may be partly responsible for the alarming statistics concerning rates of depression, anorexia, bulimia, and other disorders for girls when they are approaching or have entered their teen years. So how can fathers overcome some of these Barriers and help create daughters who become strong, secure women? If fathers want their daughters to grow up to be strong and secure women, it is absolutely essential that they like women and that they respect them. No matter how negative and pervasive the cultural messages are, your daughter’s self-esteem is greatly impacted by your attitude. If fathers think that women are weaker and need protection, they will tend to raise daughters who are weak and dependent. To a significant degree, your daughter’s success in life and in love is in your hands. As fathers go through the process of raising daughters, they may have to question everything they thought they knew about the sexes and the difference between men and women. How is it that you learn about these things? You learn by allowing your daughters to teach you about them every day. You learn by not attempting to control or protect your daughters. You learn by opening up your hearts, and not having the answers all of the time for your daughters (or your sons). If you can allow your daughters to enjoy being female as much as you enjoy being male, you’ve taken a big first step. If you can also allow your daughter to make most of her own decisions, you will probably enjoy a great relationship with her. You will also know a lot more about women than you did before. Here are some action points for fathers with their daughters: • Fully explore your expectations for your daughter. See where you may be too controlling in her life, or are overly protecting her. • Create special times with your daughter each week, one-on-one, when you can ask her questions about her life and become more fully aware of who she is. Make this time sacred and let her know it’s important to you. • Expect your daughter to be strong and competent; she’ll know that you do and will respond accordingly. • If your daughter is a teen-ager or close to it, explore your attitude about your daughter’s sexuality; many fathers are uncomfortable with this and leave their daughters emotionally when they need them the most. • Be a great model for how men treat women in your relationship with your wife. • Talk to other fathers who have had daughters, and find out how they have dealt with the challenges of raising a daughter. Your daughter is depending on your healthy attitude to help her to navigate a culture that is not always positive for girls. Take a step back and examine your view towards women and girls. Are there changes you want to make? Your daughter will help you to make those changes if you’ll just listen. manual penis enlargement plastic surgery penis enhancement penis enhancement buy vigrx enlargement manhattan pnis best penile enlargment surgery penis elargement cream manual penis elargement penis enlarement operation

Introduction Sex has been the part of the life since the day Adam saw the apple. Man has been striving to achieve a better performance in order to satisfy both his as well his partner’s requirements. Age, hormonal imbalances, society, money and many other things have not been able to remain a barrier for long in this quest. Medicinal herbs, fruits and certain exercises such as meditation have helped him in one way or the other but there has always been a search to help men in his erectile dysfunction in nearly all cases with having minimum of the side effects. Viagra hit the market in 1998 and was an instant success in that regard. But due to its side effects more research was still needed and a new product was about to come. Cialis then came and with its minimum side effects profile and the greater half-life was what people needed the most. What is erectile dysfunction? Erectile dysfunction is the inability of the person to either initiate or sustain a penile erection for a sufficient period of time that is needed to attain a sexual gratification. The causes of it may be many for e.g. psychological, hormonal, arterial or muscular. The diseases associated with it are Diabetes Mellitus, Major Depression, certain thrombotic disorders, etc. What is cialis? Cialis and drugs related to it like Viagra act by inhibiting an enzyme called phosphodiesterase type 5 which release Nitric Oxide from nerve endings and endothelium causing relaxation of smooth muscle and hence penile erection. This is a product developed by Eli Lilly and ICOS and it is a trade name of the product called Tadalafil launched in the market in 2003. What are the advantages and side effects? Although the vasodilatation that is needed is in penis, due to the extreme non-specificity of the product there are certain side effects related to vasodilatation at other sites such as headache, nasal congestion, stuffiness, and fall in blood pressure. Some patients complain of loose motions. These side effects are more applicable to products such as Viagra than to Cialis. Some patients have suffered heart attack and severe fall in blood pressure. Who all can benefit? Men with erectile dysfunction due to some arterial disorders will benefit the most. It doesn’t benefit those with hormonal problems or psychological problems except those with Diabetic neuropathy. There is a myth that a person as soon as taking the drug will have erection but that is not the case. It starts taking action only when a person starts physical activity. How is cialis better than others? Cialis has a half life of around 36 hours while that of Viagra is around 4 hours that means that a person can take the drug and can expect to have erection at a time much later than the time of administration. This achieves much patient compliance. What is the latest research that is going on? The latest research that is going on is hormonal therapy and genetic therapy in this regard. These are basically to avoid the side effect profile of these type of drugs.